Ontology of general terms needed to design and specify a space based missions. Ontology Created for the F6 DARPA program by the Team "F6: A Design Tool for Stably Adaptable Systems." PI - Pamela E. Clark (Catholic University of America) This program involves designing missions using clusters of spacecraft modules
Copyright (c) 2011, Catholic University of America. Developed with the sponsorship of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this data, including any software or models in source or binary form, specifications, algorithms, and documentation (collectively "the Data"), to deal in the Data without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Data, and to permit persons to whom the Data is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Data. THE DATA IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS, SPONSORS, DEVELOPERS, CONTRIBUTORS, OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE DATA OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE DATA.
Ed Shaya (U. of Maryland)
November 10, 2011
An explanation of why a requirement exists and is the value given.
Mbps
The property is meant to hold the URI to the diagram for any class.
Operating Duty Cycle in %
Peak Power in Watts
Safehold Power in Watts
Power Consumption Specification or Requirment on Standby Power in Watts
Mpbs
This mode requires a 2 meter SSB/CW transmitter and a 10 meter SSB/CW receiver and supports CW and voice.
WordNet - a mechanism that puts something into automatic action
Artificial satellite
WordNet#1 - a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn
One who writes a publication, ie something published.
This mode requires a 70 cm SSB/CW transmitter and a 2 meter SSB/CW receiver and supports CW and voice. Some satellites also support RTTY and SSTV in this mode.
The range of frequencies of a communication band or sensor plus filter combination. Note, this is not WordNet#1 which is closer to DataRate.
Most satellites have a fixed Morse beacon at the lower end of the satellites band-pass transponder. This is useful to detect when the satellite has crossed the horizon and is in range for operation. It can also be used to determine doppler shifts.
Commanding and Data Handling Subsystem on board a spacecraft.
WordNet - the act of checking or adjusting (by comparison with a standard) the accuracy of a measuring instrument
A SpaceMission that makes use of fractionated architecture in which two or more spacecraft are in use at a time.
WordNet#1 - The study of an example to determine what factors led to its success or failure.
(noun from WordNet verb) - An analysis of a substance to find out what it is composed of by decomposing it into its constituent elements
Two or more spacecraft modules affiliated to achieve a mission's core objectives.
A scientist but not the lead for a particular scientific problem, project, or mission
WordNet#1 - the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information
WordNet#1 - channel, communication channel, line -- a means of communication or access
the ways of sending information through technology (Source Merriam-Webster 3a adjusted to allow for machine communication).
a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications and allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected devices (Source - Wikipedia)
WordNet - an analysis of the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs
WordNet - breaking down the costs of some operation and reporting on each factor separately
Gaps in time when a spacecraft cannot communicate either directly or indirectly with the ground.
Any operator action that, if performed in error during operations with zero or one system failures, would result in a catastrophic event or an abort. (Source - NPR 8705.2)
The CDR demonstrates that the maturity of the design is appropriate to support proceeding with full-scale fabrication, assembly, integration, and test. CDR determines that the technical effort is on track to complete the flight and ground system development and mission operations, meeting mission performance requirements within the identified cost and schedule constraints. For large complex configuration items, the CDR may be a progressive or incremental review, culminating in a system level CDR which essentially reviews the completeness of preceeding CDRs and ensures adequate interfaces between the configuration items.
Mission capabilities or system functions that, if lost, would result in a catastrophic event or an abort.
Any software component whose behavior or performance could lead to a catastrophic event or abort. This includes the flight software as well as ground-control software.
Cryogenic mechanical refrigerators. Practical refrigeration cycles for spaceborne use include the Stirling, reverse-Brayton, closed Joule-Thompson (JT), the pulse tube, and the chemisorption compression/JT expansion systems under development by JPL and others.
emperatures as low as about 60 K can be achieved by a suitably designed radiant cooler radiating into space. The low effective sink temperature of deep space provides an ideal environment for the passive radiant cooling of IR detectors and related devices to the temperatures indicated. (Source - Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook by Martin Donabedian, http://www.aero.org/publications/donabedian/donabedian-1.html)
The process of automatic collection of scientific data.
Mission data that has been processed and published from the mission's data pipeline.
The radio communication link from a satellite to a ground station
A particular way of communicating
a machine for converting any of various forms of energy into mechanical force and motion
a table of values that gives the positions of objects in the sky at a given time or times.
Inability of a system, subsystem, component, or part to perform its required function within specified limits (Source - NPR 8715.3).
An undesired system state and/or the immediate cause of failure (e.g., maladjustment, misalignment, defect, or other). The definition of the term "fault" envelopes the word "failure," since faults include other undesired events such as software anomalies and operational anomalies (Source - MIL-STD-721C). Faults at a lower level could lead to failures at the higher subsystem or system level.
The ability to sustain a certain number of failures and still retain capability.
WordNet - visual field, field of vision, field of regard -- (all of the points of the physical environment that can be perceived by a stable eye at a given moment)
the devices used to measure the speed, altitude, and pertinent flight angles of various kinds of aircraft
A Function is an Operation or Activity performed by a Component or Space Mission
A requirement on a Function of a component or the SpaceSystem
Geostationary satellite
An earth station, ground station, or earth terminal is a terrestrial terminal station designed for telecommunication with spacecraft. They are located either on the surface of the Earth, or within the Earth's atmosphere. (Source - Wikipedia)
A state or a set of conditions, internal or external to a system, that has the potential to cause harm (Source - NPR 8715.3).
The process of identifying hazards and their potential causal factors.
Either an action that is not intended or desired by the human or a failure on the part of the human to perform a prescribed action within specified limits of accuracy, sequence, or time that fails to produce the expected result and has led or has the potential to lead to an unwanted consequence.
A systematic approach to evaluate human actions, identify potential human error, model human performance, and qualitatively characterize how human error affects a system. HEA provides an evaluation of human actions and error in an effort to generate system improvements that reduce the frequency of error and minimize the negative effects on the system. HEA is the first step in Human Risk Assessment and is often referred to as qualitative Human Risk Assessment (Source - NPR 8705.2).
An Interface represents a set of mechanical, electrical, signal, or other properties that describe some aspect of a Component ’s connection to or interaction with another Component.
A requirement on a component's interface.
A scientist for a particular scientific problem/mission
This mode stands for J Analog and requires a 2 meter SSB/CW transmitter and a 70 cm SSB/CW receiver and supports CW, voice.
This mode stands for J Digital and requires a 2 meter FM transmitter and a 70 cm SSB/CW receiver and supports packet.
a reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet of heated air to generate thrust by jet propulsion and in accordance with Newton's laws of motion. This broad definition of jet engines includes turbojets, turbofans, rockets, ramjets, pulse jets.
This mode requires a 15 meter SSB/CW transmitter and a 10 meter SSB/CW receiver and supports CW and voice. This mode is unique in that it can be done with a simple HF rig.
The Ka band (Pronounced: "Kay-A Band") covers the frequencies of 26.5–40 GHz.[1] The Ka band is part of the K band of the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum. This symbol refers to "K-above" — in other words, the band directly above the K-band. The 30/20 GHz band is used in communications satellites, uplink in either the 27.5 GHz and 31 GHz bands,[2] and high-resolution, close-range targeting radars aboard military airplanes. Some frequencies in this radio band are used for vehicle speed detection by law enforcement.[3] Kepler Mission uses this frequency range to downlink the scientific data collected by the space telescope. The designation "Ka-band" is from Kurz-above, which stems from the German word "kurz" meaning short. (Source - Wikipedia)
The Ku band (English pronunciation: /ˌkeɪˈjuː/) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies. This symbol refers to "K-under" (originally German: Kurz-unten)—in other words, the band directly below the K-band. In radar applications, it ranges from 10.95-14.5 GHz according to the formal definition of radar frequency band nomenclature in IEEE Standard 521-2002. (Source - Wikipedia)
the tools used in a scientific laboratory, often electronic in nature
Facility where rockets or spacecraft lift off. Syn. - spaceport, launch pad. Typically include a pad, tower and umbilical structure. The umbilical structure has propellant loading, gas, power and communication lins to the launching vehicle. (Source - Wikipedia).
The totality of a program or project extending from formulation through implementation encompassing the elements of design, development, verification, production, operation, maintenance, support and disposal. (Source - NPR 8705.2)
One who manages one or more worker.
The act of changing direction or speed of a whole entity or its orientation.
Company that manufactures goods.
A stream of telemetry with identifying header and data for a set of parameters following a predisignated structure.
Frequency bands in the Microwave spectral region assigned to carry communication signals.
WordNet n.#1 - Conception, an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances.
A Spacecraft that is affiliated with a Cluster (fractionated architecture).
a spacecraft that can perform the mission's core functions without dependence on other spacecraft.
WordNet#1 - the act of making and recording a measurement
Data storage on board of a vehicle.
The act of changing the a satellites orbit (usually by using thrusters) to do more than just change orientation..
To take precedence over system control functions. (Source NPR 8705.2)
WordNet#2 - cargo, lading, freight, load, loading, payload, shipment, consignment -- (goods carried by a vehicle)
When the Project creates a preliminary design and project plan as a proof of concept specifying what to build, when to launch, the course the spacecraft is to take, what is to be done during cruise, when the spacecraft will reach the target, and what operations will be carried out. The preliminary plan also addresses build-versus-buy decisions, what spacecraft instruments are needed, where system tests will be performed, who performs mission operations, what ground data system capabilities are required, and who the experimenters are. Generally speaking, publication of the preliminary plan with costing data marks the completion of Phase A: Preliminary Analysis. (Source - http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf7-1.php)
The definition phase converts the preliminary plan into a baseline technical solution. Requirements are defined, schedules are determined, and specifications are prepared to initiate system design and development. Major reviews commonly conducted as part of the definition phase are: System Requirements Review, System Design Review, and Non-Advocate Review. The proposed experiments are divided into two classes based on facilities and experimenters. The facilities form teams around a designated set of hardware. Facilities are selected based on existing resources and past performance (Source - http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf7-1.php )
During the design and development phase, schedules are negotiated, and the space flight system is designed and developed. The phase begins with building and integrating subsystems and experiments into a single spacecraft. In a process called ATLO (Assembly, Test, and Launch Operations) the spacecraft is assembled integrated, tested, launched, deployed, and verified. Prior to launch, though, the complete spacecraft is Galileo in test tested together in a simulated space environment. (Source - http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf7-2.php)
Operations phase E is also called MO&DA for Mission Operations and Data Analysis. It includes flying the spacecraft and obtaining science data for which the mission was designed. (Source - http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf7-2.php)
This is an optional phase to cover the time when the spacecraft is no longer operating, but the science teams are still analysing the mission data.
WordNet#2 - engine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction
Period when there are conceptual studies made of a mission.
The lead scientist for a particular scientific problem, project, or mission
The manager who has the responsibility of the planning, execution, and/or closing of a particular project or an aspect (software, architecture, construction, etc) of a project.
engine that converts rotary motion from piston engines or turboprops to provide propulsive force.
An explanation of why a given statement is true or a requirement is needed.
unprocessed data, refers to a collection of numbers, characters, images or other outputs from devices that collect information to convert physical quantities into symbols. (Source - Wikipedia)
The probability that a system of hardware, software, and human elements will function as intended over a specified period of time under specified environmental conditions. (Source NPR 8705.2)
This closely resembles a land-based repeater. It listens for signals on one frequency and retransmits it on another frequency. All satellite repeaters (and transponders) are full duplex, meaning you can (and should) listen to you signal on the downlink (with headphones) while you are transmitting.
A minimial or maximal value of a specification deemed necessary for the success of a mission.
(Noun from verb restructure WordNet) - a reconstruction that provides with a new structure;
The combination of (1) the probability (qualitative or quantitative) including associated uncertainty that the space system will experience an undesired event (or sequences of events) such as internal system or component failure or an external event and (2) the magnitude of the consequences (personnel, public, mission impacts) and associated uncertainties given that the undesired event(s) occur(s). (NPR 8705.2)
: An evaluation of a risk item that determines (1) what can go wrong, (2) how likely is it to occur, and (3) what the consequences are. (Source - NPR 8705.2)
In a rocket engine , fuel and a source of oxygen, called an oxidizer, are mixed and exploded in a combustion chamber. The combustion produces hot exhaust which is passed through a nozzle to accelerate the flow and produce thrust. It differs from a jet engine in that it does not use air as the working fluid, instead it uses the hot combustion exhaust gases. Therefore it can operate in space.
This mode requires a 70 cm SSB/CW transmitter and a 2.4 GHz SSB/CW receiver and supports CW and voice. Many people use a 2.4 GHz to 2 meter converter with a 2 meter SSB/CW receiver instead of buying a 2.4 GHz SSB/CW receiver.
The S band is defined by an IEEE standard for radio waves with frequencies that range from 2 to 4 GHz, crossing the conventional boundary between UHF and SHF at 3.0 GHz. It is part of the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum. The S band is used by weather radar, surface ship radar, and some communications satellites, especially those used by NASA to communicate with the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station. The 10-cm radar short-band ranges roughly from 1.55 to 5.2 GHz. (Source - Wikipedia)
Satellite
Manager responsible for the aspects of design, construction, and flight operations of mission and its resources that affect its ability to successfully cary out scientific goals, including the set of in-flight science projects
Vehicle that travels on the surface of water.
A flight operation of one or more spacecraft in the performance of a mission or set of goals.
The collection of all space-based and ground-based systems (encompassing hardware and software) used to conduct space missions or support activity in space. (Source - NPR 8705.2)
A spacecraft or spaceship is a craft or machine designed for spaceflight, ie travel into and through outer space.
A satellite bus or spacecraft bus is the general model on which multiple-production satellite spacecraft are often based. The bus is the infrastructure of a spacecraft, usually providing locations for the payload (typically space experiments or instruments). Bus-derived satellites are usually customised to customer requirements, for example with specialised sensors or transponders, in order to achieve a specific mission (Source - Wikipedia)
One of the set of descriptions (usually quantitative) of a space mission or craft, usually relevant to the success of the mission.
the geographic area where the station can communicate. For space systems it is the 3-dimensional region around the station that is reachable.
expendable-coolant systems use either cryogenic liquids in the subcritical or supercritical state, cryogenic solids, or high-pressure gas combined with a Joule-Thomson (JT) expansion valve system to provide cooling of spacecraft components. These technologies can provide cooling to temperatures ranging from near absolute zero to more than 300 K. (Source - Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook by Martin Donabedian, http://www.aero.org/publications/donabedian/donabedian-1.html)
temperatures as low as about 60 K can be achieved by a suitably designed radiant cooler radiating into space. The low effective sink temperature of deep space provides an ideal environment for the passive radiant cooling of IR detectors and related devices to the temperatures indicated.
WordNet - analysis of all aspects of a project along with ways to collect information about the operation of its parts
This mode requires a 15 meter SSB/CW transmitter and a 2 meter SSB/CW receiver and supports CW and voice.
The individual who specifically maintains technical responsibility over establishment of, changes to, and waivers of requirements in a designated area, such as Engineering or Safety and Mission Assurance.
A telecommunications network is a collection of terminals, links and nodes which connect together to enable telecommunication between users of the terminals.
Data transmitted by telemetry, ie, transmitted over remote wireless channels.
A flight or mission dedicated primarily to test objectives. Flight tests can include scaled test articles, uncrewed flights, and crewed flights. (Source - NPR 8705.2)
Wikipedia - A trade study or trade-off study is the activity of a multidisciplinary team to identify the most balanced technical solutions among a set of proposed viable solutions (FAA 2006). These viable solutions are judged by their satisfaction of a series of measures or cost functions. These measures describe the desirable characteristics of a solution.
A transponder is a band-pass repeater. It accepts a range of frequencies on the input and retransmits the entire range on the output. All offsets within that range are preserved. NOTE: since the satellite is transmitting many signals at the same time, it is dividing its output power amongst all of these signals.
Study of the changes of a Thing over time.
(Noun from WordNet#2 verb) - an improvement of what was old or outdated
The radio communication link used for signals from a gound station to a satellite.
Evaluation by people using the system (hardware or software) in a realistic situation to determine how well it can be used for its intended purpose (e.g., how well people can manipulate parts or controls, receive feedback, and interpret feedback) to identify potential human errors and areas for design improvement. (Source NPR 8705.2)
Proof that the product accomplishes the intended purpose. May be determined by a combination of test, analysis, and demonstration. (NPR - 8705.2)
WordNet#1 - the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something
Proof of compliance with specifications. May be determined by a combination of test, analysis, demonstration, and inspection. (NPR 8705.2)
a device used to destroy, injure, or kill
For military communications satellites, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has assigned the X band uplink frequency band (for sending modulated signals) as from 7.9 to 8.4 GHz. The ITU-assigned downlink frequency band (for receiving signals) is from 7.25 to 7.75 GHz. The US military uses all frequencies in this spectrum; however, they use select signals on the frequencies throughout this spectrum. The typical local oscillator frequency of an X band low-noise block converter (LNB) is 6300 MHz. Both of these frequency bands are 500 MHz wide. In engineering, this pair of frequency bands may be referred to as the 8 / 7 GHz X band satellite communications system. (Source - Wikipedia)
The Rapid Spacecraft Development Office (RSDO) is responsible for the management and direction of a dynamic and versatile program directing the definition, competition, and acquisition of multiple fixed-price Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contracts. These contracts offer NASA and other Federal Government Agencies fast and flexible procurement of spacecraft and spacecraft components for future missions.